At the Democratic presidential debate in Las Vegas last week, climate policy discussions changed unexpectedly when debate moderator Jon Ralston asked Warren how he reconciled his plans to ban drilling and mining on public land with the fact that we would need more certainty of metals, like lithium and copper, for renewable energy. Warren response? If certain resources are very important for our future, then maybe he will bend the rules.
Most Democratic presidential candidates make their views on public land quite clear: Extractive industries, such as drilling and mining, have no future there. But recently, Elizabeth Warren signaled that she might be willing to make an important exception.
"So, look, I think we have to stop all new drilling and mining on public land and all offshore drilling," Warren said. "If we need to make an exception because there are certain minerals that we must have access to, then we find it and we do it not in a way that is only about the benefits of giant industries, but in a way that is environmentally sustainable."
It is a short exchange, but it is important. Very rarely do climate policy conversations touch the resources needed to move from fossil fuels. For subjects that appear during presidential debates are even more unusual (it happened only once in 10 debates on this election cycle to date). But this topic deserves a response of more than 10 seconds, because this topic is the center of the world's ability to prevent catastrophic climate change.
That's because the technology used by humanity to risk the future of the planet - wind turbines, solar panels, batteries, and fuel cells, to name but a few - requires dozens of different minerals, all of which are mined from the earth. The battery inside an electric car is made of lithium, along with other metal alloys that can include nickel, copper, cobalt, manganese, and graphite. Magnets that drive electric vehicles and wind turbine motors get their power from rare earth metal neodymium, and often run a more rare cousin, dysprosium. Solar panels rely on exotic mineral cocktails that can include cadmium, tellurium, germanium, and selenium, to convert sunlight into energy.
As our appetite for clean technology grows, the demand for these minerals is expected to skyrocket. A 2018 paper found that to limit global warming to less than 2 degrees C, the mineral stock available for electric car batteries alone needs to increase by 87,000 percent. In the same scenario, the wind and solar photovoltaic industries will each need 1,000 percent and 3,000 percent more resources, than they do today.
"The scale of material requirements is amazing," said Benjamin Sovacool, a professor of energy policy at the University of Sussex in England who wrote a recent paper in Science that addressed this metallurgical challenge. "I'm fascinated by how much new stuff we need."
At least some of America's future demands for this mineral might need to be met with new domestic supplies if we don't want access to important resources cut off during, say, a trade war with China. Warren's willingness to change one of his specific policy proposals on minerals shows that he understands the messy and extractive politics of extractives from the green energy transition.
"I think politically it is a very clever answer," Sovacool said.
It’s no accident that Warren got a minerals question in Nevada. The state, which includes some 56 million acres of federally managed public land, accounts for a sizable fraction of the Bureau of Land Management’s active mining claims. It’s already home to the nation’s only operational lithium mine — the Albemarle mine at Silver Peak — and several companies are hoping to ramp up production of the coveted battery metal. These include Lithium Americas, which is currently seeking BLM approval to set up a large lithium clay mining operation on public land.
But if Nevada is a state that would be eager to claim exceptions to Warren’s mining moratorium, it’s also a case study in the risks of a green tech–fueled mining boom. As Politico recently reported, one of the BLM’s Nevada offices has come under fire recently for allegedly disregarding environmental rules to fast-track mining projects, including a proposed lithium mine that could threaten a rare Nevada wildflower. Some environmental groups worry that the Trump administration’s recent push to shore up domestic supplies of “critical minerals” — a list that includes lithium, among other green-tech metals — will leave public lands even more vulnerable, particularly in states that resist federal oversight. Included in the administration’s critical minerals strategy is an explicit directive to “expedite” environmental reviews.
With all this in mind, the second half of Warren’s response — that any new mining projects would have to place sustainability front and center — may be just as significant as the first. While there’s no such thing as impact-free mining, Sovacool said he’s seen mines for the very same minerals that are “10 to 20 times worse than other mines.”
“There’s usually a race to the bottom to comply with the minimal regulations,” he said. “I think this gets to the heart of Warren’s response: There are ways to do this mining that would minimize environmental impacts.”
All of the leading Democratic presidential candidates have promised a moratorium on new fossil fuel leases on federal lands, but few candidates have made explicit statements about other types of extraction. A spokesperson for Mike Bloomberg’s campaign told Grist that he would “make exceptions for mining on a case by case basis,” for instance, where mining is “critical to America’s role as a global leader in producing and manufacturing clean energy technology.” None of the other leading Democratic contenders’ campaigns responded to Grist’s request for comment on the matter.
Opening new mines isn’t the only, or even the primary, way America will meet its rising demand for minerals, though. The reality, said Clare Church, a policy analyst at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, is that it can take years or even decades for new mines to begin producing. In the near term, that means the world is going to be relying more heavily on existing supply chains. Unfortunately, some of these trace back to mines in countries riven with violence, where protections for workers and the environment are weak to nonexistent.
“With that said, we should be focusing our efforts not on avoidance but on responsible sourcing and transparency in the existing supply chains of these key minerals,” Church said.
More recycling will also be key. As recently as 2011, less than 1 percent of rare earth elements were recycled. Today, fewer than 5 percent of lithium-ion batteries are. The processes for getting metals back out of dead devices like batteries are often complex, costly, and inefficient, but with increased investment in recycling technologies, that could change.
“There are better ways to meet our growing mineral demand than new hardrock mining,” said Aaron Mintzes, senior policy counsel at Earthworks, adding that investments around the world have “spurred innovations in recycling and reuse of lithium and other metals.”
“Clean tech companies, recyclers, and manufacturers have market power to demand responsibly sourced minerals and drive improvements in efficiency,” Mintzes continued.
The need for better recycling technology and infrastructure has made its way into some candidates’ climate plans. Bernie Sanders’ Green New Deal plan, for instance, calls for building tomorrow’s wind turbines, solar panels, and electric cars with “as many recycled materials as possible,” and establishing a national recycling program to get the job done.
However, as Saleem Ali, an environmental researcher at the University of Delaware noted, there isn’t a large enough stock of recycled metals on the market today to meet the projected growth in demand. Ultimately, he said, “some metal mining will still be needed for the foreseeable future to meet demand for a range of technologies needed for a low carbon transition.”
Rising to the challenge of the climate crisis won’t be easy. It’s going to mean making hard choices about what sorts of extractive industries humanity can no longer afford — and which it can’t af
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